BMI-1 expression increases in oral leukoplakias and correlates with cell proliferation.

Oral leukoplakia (OL) is a white lesion of an indeterminate risk not related to any excluded (other) known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer. Many biological markers have been used in an attempt to predict malignant transformation; however, no reliable markers have been established so far. Objective To evaluate cell proliferation and immortalization in OL, comparing non-dysplastic (Non-dys OL) and dysplastic OL (Dys OL). Methodology This is a cross-sectional observational study. Paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of 28 specimens of Non-dys OL, 33 of Dys OL, 9 of normal oral mucosa (NOM), 17 of inflammatory hyperplasia (IH), and 19 of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) were stained for Ki-67 and BMI-1 using immunohistochemistry. Results A gradual increase in BMI-1 and K-i67 expression was found in oral carcinogenesis. The immunolabeling for those markers was higher in OSCC when compared with the other groups (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05). Ki-67 expression percentage was higher in OL and in IH when compared with NOM (Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn, p<0.05). Increased expression of BMI-1 was also observed in OL when compared with NOM (Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn, p<0.05). No differences were observed in expression of both markers when non-dysplastic and dysplastic leukoplakias were compared. A significant positive correlation between Ki-67 and BMI-1 was found (Spearman correlation coefficient, R=0.26, p=0.01). High-grade epithelial dysplasia was associated with malignant transformation (Chi-squared, p=0.03). Conclusions These findings indicate that BMI-1 expression increases in early oral carcinogenesis and is possibly associated with the occurrence of dysplastic changes. Furthermore, our findings indicate that both Ki-67 and BMI-1 are directly correlated and play a role in initiation and progression of OSCC.

BMI-1 expression increases in oral leukoplakias and correlates with cell proliferation

Abstract Oral leukoplakia (OL) is a white lesion of an indeterminate risk not related to any excluded (other) known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer. Many biological markers have been used in an attempt to predict malignant transformation; however, no reliable markers have been established so far. Objective To evaluate cell proliferation and immortalization in OL, comparing non-dysplastic (Non-dys OL) and dysplastic OL (Dys OL). Methodology This is a cross-sectional observational study. Paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of 28 specimens of Non-dys OL, 33 of Dys OL, 9 of normal oral mucosa (NOM), 17 of inflammatory hyperplasia (IH), and 19 of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) were stained for Ki-67 and BMI-1 using immunohistochemistry. Results A gradual increase in BMI-1 and K-i67 expression was found in oral carcinogenesis. The immunolabeling for those markers was higher in OSCC when compared with the other groups (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05). Ki-67 expression percentage was higher in OL and in IH when compared with NOM (Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn, p<0.05). Increased expression of BMI-1 was also observed in OL when compared with NOM (Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn, p<0.05). No differences were observed in expression of both markers when non-dysplastic and dysplastic leukoplakias were compared. A significant positive correlation between Ki-67 and BMI-1 was found (Spearman correlation coefficient, R=0.26, p=0.01). High-grade epithelial dysplasia was associated with malignant transformation (Chi-squared, p=0.03). Conclusions These findings indicate that BMI-1 expression increases in early oral carcinogenesis and is possibly associated with the occurrence of dysplastic changes. Furthermore, our findings indicate that both Ki-67 and BMI-1 are directly correlated and play a role in initiation and progression of OSCC.

Collagen I and III in women with diastasis recti.

OBJECTIVES: Interest in elucidating the etiology of hernias has encouraged countless studies of musculoaponeurotic structures in individuals with and without hernias. Studies of hernia patients have firmly demonstrated a correlation between hernias and collagen alterations in their fascia. Diastasis recti is an increased width of the abdominal midline that is exclusively composed of interlacing aponeurotic expansions of the anterolateral abdominal muscles. The condition is common among women undergoing abdominoplasty, and many factors, not only mechanical, play a role. The goal of this study is to evaluate and compare collagen type I and III levels in the midline fascia of women with and without diastasis recti to report their possible influence on this condition. METHODS: This is a case-control study nested within a surgical cohort of 18 women with diastasis recti and 18 women without the condition (cases and controls, respectively). Fascia from the midline of the abdominal wall was collected and analyzed through immunohistochemistry using polyclonal antibodies to collagen type I and III. RESULTS: Both type I and type III collagen were less abundant in women with diastasis recti than in those without the condition, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Low collagen type I and type III levels in the midline of the abdominal wall may play a key role in the development of diastasis recti.

TGF-ß1 and its association with clinicopathological features, proliferative activity and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study

Introduction: The prognostic value of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1) in oral cancer remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate TGF-ß1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples and its association with clinicopathological data, tumor proliferative activity, and patients' prognosis. Methods: A total of 68 patients with histopathological diagnosis of OSCC were included, as well as 9 cases of normal oral mucosa for comparison purposes. The OSCC sample was categorized according to patients' outcomes in favorable prognosis (n=30) or unfavorable prognosis (n=38). Immunohistochemical staining for TGF-ß1 and Ki-67 were performed. The slides were semi-quantitatively and quantitatively evaluated for TGF-ß1 and Ki-67, respectively. Results: TGF-ß1 was significantly increased in OSCC compared to normal oral mucosa (<0.01). An inverse correlation was found between TGF-ß1 and Ki67 staining in OSCC (p=0.01). No association was found between TGF-ß1 expression and OSCC clinicopathological features, prognosis or survival. Conclusions: TGF-ß1 had no prognostic value and appears to maintain its suppressive role concerning cell proliferation. (AU)

Collagen I and III in women with diastasis recti

OBJECTIVES: Interest in elucidating the etiology of hernias has encouraged countless studies of musculoaponeurotic structures in individuals with and without hernias. Studies of hernia patients have firmly demonstrated a correlation between hernias and collagen alterations in their fascia. Diastasis recti is an increased width of the abdominal midline that is exclusively composed of interlacing aponeurotic expansions of the anterolateral abdominal muscles. The condition is common among women undergoing abdominoplasty, and many factors, not only mechanical, play a role. The goal of this study is to evaluate and compare collagen type I and III levels in the midline fascia of women with and without diastasis recti to report their possible influence on this condition. METHODS: This is a case-control study nested within a surgical cohort of 18 women with diastasis recti and 18 women without the condition (cases and controls, respectively). Fascia from the midline of the abdominal wall was collected and analyzed through immunohistochemistry using polyclonal antibodies to collagen type I and III. RESULTS: Both type I and type III collagen were less abundant in women with diastasis recti than in those without the condition, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Low collagen type I and type III levels in the midline of the abdominal wall may play a key role in the development of diastasis recti.

PERITONEAL ADHESIONS TYPE I, III AND TOTAL COLLAGEN ON POLYPROPYLENE AND COATED POLYPROPYLENE MESHES: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN RATS.

BACKGROUND: Hernia correction is a routinely performed treatment in surgical practice. The improvement of the operative technique and available materials certainly has been a great benefit to the quality of surgical results. The insertion of prostheses for hernia correction is well-founded in the literature, and has become the standard of treatment when this type of disease is discussed. AIM: To evaluate two available prostheses: the polypropylene and polypropylene coated ones in an experimental model. METHODS: Seven prostheses of each kind were inserted into Wistar rats (Ratus norvegicus albinus) in the anterior abdominal wall of the animal in direct contact with the viscera. After 90 days follow-up were analyzed the intra-abdominal adhesions, and also performed immunohistochemical evaluation and videomorphometry of the total, type I and type III collagen. Histological analysis was also performed with hematoxylin-eosin to evaluate cell types present in each mesh. RESULTS: At 90 days the adhesions were not different among the groups (p=0.335). Total collagen likewise was not statistically different (p=0.810). Statistically there was more type III collagen in the coated polypropylene group (p=0.039) while type I was not different among the prostheses (p=0.050). The lymphocytes were statistically more present in the polypropylene group (p=0.041). CONCLUSION: The coated prosthesis was not different from the polypropylene one regarding the adhesion. Total and type I collagen were not different among the groups, while type III collagen was more present on the coated mesh. There was a greater number of lymphocytes on the polypropylene mesh.

Effects of Copaiba Oil Topical Administration on Oral Wound Healing.

The effects of topical copaiba oil extract and topical corticosteroid were assessed on oral wound healing in an in vivo model using 96 male Wistar rats. Traumatic ulcers were caused in the dorsum of the tongue using a 3-mm punch tool. The animals were divided into: Control; Corticosteroid; Placebo and Copaiba oil Group. The animals received two daily applications of the products. The control group received only daily handling. Six rats in each group were euthanized at days 3, 5, 10 and 14. The animals were monitored daily to determine wound status. The weigh was assessed at day 0 and euthanasia day. The percentage of repair was calculated, and histopathological aspects were analyzed. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the results between groups and times of evaluation. Closing time was assessed through the log-rank test. The corticosteroid group lost more weight at days 10 and 14 than the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the healing time of corticosteroid group was longer than the control group (p = 0.007). No differences were observed between the copaiba oil group and the control group. We concluded that topical copaiba oil, in spite of being safe, did not accelerate the process of oral wound healing. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Peritoneal adhesions type i, iii and total collagen on polypropylene and coated polypropylene meshes: experimental study in rats / Aderências peritoneais tipo i, iii e colágeno total em telas de polipropileno e revestidas: estudo experimental em ratos

ABSTRACT Background: Hernia correction is a routinely performed treatment in surgical practice. The improvement of the operative technique and available materials certainly has been a great benefit to the quality of surgical results. The insertion of prostheses for hernia correction is well-founded in the literature, and has become the standard of treatment when this type of disease is discussed. Aim: To evaluate two available prostheses: the polypropylene and polypropylene coated ones in an experimental model. Methods: Seven prostheses of each kind were inserted into Wistar rats (Ratus norvegicus albinus) in the anterior abdominal wall of the animal in direct contact with the viscera. After 90 days follow-up were analyzed the intra-abdominal adhesions, and also performed immunohistochemical evaluation and videomorphometry of the total, type I and type III collagen. Histological analysis was also performed with hematoxylin-eosin to evaluate cell types present in each mesh. Results: At 90 days the adhesions were not different among the groups (p=0.335). Total collagen likewise was not statistically different (p=0.810). Statistically there was more type III collagen in the coated polypropylene group (p=0.039) while type I was not different among the prostheses (p=0.050). The lymphocytes were statistically more present in the polypropylene group (p=0.041). Conclusion: The coated prosthesis was not different from the polypropylene one regarding the adhesion. Total and type I collagen were not different among the groups, while type III collagen was more present on the coated mesh. There was a greater number of lymphocytes on the polypropylene mesh.

RESUMO Racional: A correção herniária é tratamento realizado rotineiramente na prática cirúrgica. O aprimoramento da técnica operatória e dos materiais disponíveis trouxe grande benefício na qualidade dos resultados cirúrgicos. A inserção de próteses para correção herniária é bem embasada na literatura e tornou-se o padrão de tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar em modelo experimental dois tipos de próteses diferentes, de polipropileno e polipropileno revestido. Métodos: Foram inseridas sete próteses de cada tipo em ratos Wistar (Ratus norvegicus albinus) na parede abdominal anterior do animal em contato direto com as vísceras. Após o seguimento de 90 dias analisaram-se as aderências intra-abdominais, bem como avaliação por imunoistoquímica e videomorfometria do colágeno total, tipo I e tipo III. Também, fez-se análise histológica com hematoxylina-eosina para avaliação dos tipos celulares presentes em cada tela. Resultados: Aos 90 dias as aderências não foram diferentes entre os grupos (p=0,335). O colágeno total igualmente não foi estatisticamente diferente (p=0,810). O colágeno tipo III foi estatisticamente maior no grupo polipropileno revestido (p=0,039) enquanto o tipo I não diferiu entre as próteses (p=0,050). Os linfócitos foram estatisticamente mais presentes no grupo polipropileno (p=0,041). Conclusão: A prótese revestida não foi diferente da de polipropileno na variável aderência. O colágeno total e tipo I não foram diferentes entre os grupos enquanto que o colágeno tipo III foi mais presente na tela revestida. O número de linfócitos foi maior na tela de polipropileno.

Bryne's grading system predicts poor disease-specific survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a comparative study among different histologic grading systems.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to access the prognostic value of 4 histopathologic grading systems of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC): The World Health Organization (WHO), Anneroth, Bryne (1989), and Bryne (1992). STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-five cases of OSCC diagnosed between 1996 and 2010 at the Clinics Hospital of Porto Alegre (Porto Alegre, Brazil) were included. Slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin were obtained, and a histologic grade was assigned on the basis of the consensus of 3 expert oral pathologists, who were blinded to the clinicopathologic factors. Each system was correlated with proliferative labeling index, accessed through Ki67 immunostaining, clinicopathologic factors, patient outcome (alive or deceased), and survival time. RESULTS: The increase in Bryne (1992) histologic grades was accompanied by an increase in proliferative labeling index. Moreover, this system was the only one associated with patient outcome (P = .01) and survival. Bryne (1992) grading system grade III tumors were associated with poor disease-specific survival according to univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses and the log-rank test (P < .05). The other systems evaluated presented no association with patients' outcome or survival. CONCLUSIONS: The Bryne (1992) grading system is more effective in predicting survival in OSCC compared with the systems proposed by the WHO, Anneroth, or Bryne (1989).

Hypoacetylation of acetyl-histone H3 (H3K9ac) as marker of poor prognosis in oral cancer.

AIMS: Epigenetics refers to changes in cell characteristics that occur independently of modifications to the DNA sequence. Oral carcinogenesis is influenced by modifications in epigenetic mechanisms, including changes in histones, which are proteins that support chromatin remodelling for the dynamic regulation of gene expression and silencing. The dysregulation of histone acetylation can lead to the uncontrolled activity of different genes, thereby triggering events associated with malignant transformation. The aim of this study was to analyse the expression of acetyl-histone H3 at lys9 (H3K9ac) in oral leucoplakia (OL) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in addition to its association with cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and clinical-pathological findings. METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples of normal oral mucosa (NOM), OL and OSCC were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis using anti-H3K9ac, Ki67 and vimentin. Slides were submitted to quantitative analysis regarding the percentage of positive cells. OSCC presented less expression of H3K9ac in comparison to OL (P < 0.01), whereas Ki67 and vimentin levels increased from OL to OSCC (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively). OSCC patients with poor prognosis had less H3K9ac expression (P = 0.04). The Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival curves also revealed lower survival rates in patients with less H3K9ac expression (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that changes in H3K9ac occur during the process of oral carcinogenesis along with an increase in cell proliferation and EMT. The results demonstrate that H3K9ac may be a useful novel prognostic marker for OSCC.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Samples of Gastric Biopsies.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection affects about 50% of the world population and its association with environmental factors and host properties is involved in gastric carcinogenesis. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of H. pylori in samples of gastric mucosa biopsies, correlate the presence of the bacteria in the sample with the variables age, sex and origin, to identify the types of lesions found in patients with H. pylori, and to evaluate the association of the lesions with the region of the gastric mucosa. METHODS: A cross-sectional, retrospective study was carried out in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil, from January 2013 to December 2015. A total of 45,206 gastric mucosal biopsies were obtained from patients submitted to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Of the reports evaluated, 12,909 met the inclusion criteria since they presented the patient's demographic data as well as the histopathological characteristics of gastric mucosal regions and positivity for H. pylori. Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistic 20 and subjected to descriptive analyses (categorical variables) and inferential (Pearson's Qui-square and linear association tests) and multiple correspondence analyses. Significance level adopted 5%. RESULTS: Of the total of 12,909 (28.6%) reports evaluated, 67% (8,647) came from urban areas and 64.5% (8,320) were female. The mean age (standard deviation (SD)) was 43 years, ranging from 8 to 100 years, prevailing between 21 and 60 years. Among the types of gastric mucosa analyzed, 95.5% (12,322) were of the antral mucosa. The absence of glandular atrophy, the mild infection intensity for H. pylori, the absence of metaplasia, the presence of foveolar hyperplasia and lymphoid follicles were statistically significant (P < 0.001) in this region. In the fundic region, the evidence of fibrinoleucocytic crust and lymphoid follicles was significant (P < 0.001). There was no evidence of associated ulcerated lesions or significant relationship with intestinal metaplasia in the antral mucosa, whereas the fundic mucosa had a strong association with lymphoid follicles. The prevalence of active H. pylori infection in this study was 30.93%. CONCLUSION: Detection rate of H. pylori and its association with acute and chronic inflammation should be taken into account. The antral region has shown higher incidence and the presence of H. pylori was strongly associated with foveolar hyperplasia and lymphoid follicles.

Reduced chromatin acetylation of malignant salivary gland tumors correlates with enhanced proliferation.

BACKGROUND: Epigenetic changes refer to any heritable modification in gene expression independent of alterations in the DNA sequence. Currently, it is well established that epigenetics represents a crucial player for tumor development. Nevertheless, the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the development and progression of salivary gland tumors (SGTs) remain poorly understood. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed the pattern of acetyl-histone H3 (lys9) expression in benign and malignant SGTs and further correlate our results with tumors' proliferative activity and clinical outcomes. We assembled tissue microarrays (TMAs) of 84 cases of SGTs and analyzed for acetyl-histone H3 (lys9) and Ki-67 using immunohistochemistry. The study comprised 42 benign and 42 malignant SGTs. RESULTS: All cases included in this study were positive to acetyl-H3 (lys9). We observed that malignant SGTs were hypoacetylated compared with benign (P = 0.04). Moreover, acetyl-H3 (lys9) expression was inversely correlated with Ki67 (**P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: This study provides the first insight regarding histone modifications in SGTs. Our results suggest that epigenetic mechanism, particularly hypoacetylation of histone H3 (lys9), might play a role in the behavior of salivary gland tumors. Also, our findings suggest that interfering with the acetylation pattern of tumor histones represents a potential novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SGTs.

Immunohistochemical Study of TGF-ß1 in Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Correlations Between Clinicopathologic Factors and Overall Survival.

The aim of the present study was to analyze transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) expression in cases of leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to correlate these expression profiles with proliferative labeling index, clinicopathologic factors, and clinical outcome. Clinical data for 24 cases of leukoplakia and 87 cases of OSCC were retrieved from medical records. OSCC tissues were included into tissue microarray blocks and sections of normal mucosa, leukoplakia, and OSCC tissue microarray's were prepared on slides. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect expression of TGF-ß1 and Ki67. The expression of TGF-ß1 and Ki67 were significantly increased from normal mucosa, through leukoplakia to OSCC. High expression of TGF-ß1 correlated with an increase in proliferative labeling index. No association between TGF-ß1 expression and the clinicopathologic factors examined was observed. Expression of TGF-ß1 also did not associate with clinical outcome in either of groups. Our results suggest that changes in TGF-ß1 are associated with the progression of oral carcinogenesis.

Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the development and remission of oral plasmablastic lymphoma.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) represents a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in this tumor is poorly known due to its small incidence. This study reports a case of a 33-year-old HIV-positive woman who was referred to the Stomatology Department complaining about a painful gingival growth and cervical nodule both with 20 days of evolution. The lesions appeared 7 months after the patient stopped HAART. The final diagnosis was PBL. After resuming HAART for 45 days, the gingival lesion presented complete remission. The patient continued with HAART alongside chemotherapy. At 24 months follow-up, the patient was stable. The dental surgeon plays an essential role in orientation and retention in care of HIV patients once the adherence of HAART seems to play an important role in PBL development and response to treatment.

Overexpression of MutSα Complex Proteins Predicts Poor Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system is responsible for the detection and correction of errors created during DNA replication, thereby avoiding the incorporation of mutations in dividing cells. The prognostic value of alterations in MMR system has not previously been analyzed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).The study comprised 115 cases of OSCC diagnosed between 1996 and 2010. The specimens collected were constructed into tissue microarray blocks. Immunohistochemical staining for MutSα complex proteins hMSH2 and hMSH6 was performed. The slides were subsequently scanned into high-resolution images, and nuclear staining of hMSH2 and hMSH6 was analyzed using the Nuclear V9 algorithm. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to evaluate the prognostic value of hMSH2 and hMSH6 in OSCC.All cases in the present cohort were positive for hMSH2 and hMSH6 and a direct correlation was found between the expression of the proteins (P < 0.05). The mean number of positive cells for hMSH2 and hMSH6 was 64.44 ±â€Š15.21 and 31.46 ±â€Š22.38, respectively. These values were used as cutoff points to determine high protein expression. Cases with high expression of both proteins simultaneously were classified as having high MutSα complex expression. In the multivariable analysis, high expression of the MutSα complex was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival (hazard ratio: 2.75, P = 0.02).This study provides a first insight of the prognostic value of alterations in MMR system in OSCC. We found that MutSα complex may constitute a molecular marker for the poor prognosis of OSCC.

Immunoexpression of hoxb7 and hoxb9 in salivary gland tumours.

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland carcinomas are uncommon neoplasms and the identification of new prognostic indicators could improve their management. HOXB7 and HOXB9 are members of the class I homeobox-containing genes important for normal embryogenesis and that are dysregulated in several human neoplasms. This study investigated HOXB7 and HOXB9 expressions in salivary gland tumourigenesis, their correlation with neoplastic proliferative and angiogenic features and their importance as prognostic markers. METHODS: A hundred and fifty salivary gland tumours were organized in tissue microarray and expressions of CD105, Ki67, HOXB7 and HOXB9 were determined through immunohistochemistry. Reactions were quantified and correlated with clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS: In normal glands, HOXB7 was found in basal cells, whereas HOXB9 was seen in serous acinar and scattered ductal cells. Malignancies exhibited an increased vascular density, proliferative index, HOXB7 and HOXB9 expressions when compared with pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumour. Significant correlation was found between HOXB7 and CD105 (P = 0.004) in adenoid cystic carcinomas, and HOXB7 higher expression significantly correlated with the presence of paresthesia (P = 0.02). No marker exhibited a significant association with survival rates (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: HOXB7 and HOXB9 were expressed in normal salivary gland and were present in benign and malignant tumours derived from these structures, and HOXB7 significantly correlated with neoangiogenesis in AdCC. These findings suggest that both proteins might play a role in salivary gland tumourigenesis, but they were not significant prognostic determinants in this sample.

Photobiomodulation regulates cytokine release and new blood vessel formation during oral wound healing in rats.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on cytokine levels and angiogenesis during oral wound healing. Ulcers were made on the dorsum of the tongue in 48 Wistar rats. Irradiation with an indium-gallium-aluminum-phosphide (InGaAlP) laser (660 nm; output power, 40 mW; spot size, 0.04 cm(2)) was performed once a day on two points of the ulcer for 14 days. Two different energy densities were used: 4 J/cm(2) (energy per point 0.16 J, total energy 0.32 J) and 20 J/cm(2) (energy per point 0.8 J, total energy 1.6 J). Tissue levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Image analysis of CD31-immunostained sections was used to investigate microvessel density (MVD). PBM increased the tissue levels of IL-1ß at the early stage of oral wound healing (p < 0.01) and increased the tissue levels of TNF-α during all stages of oral wound healing (p < 0.05). PBM at a dose of 4 J/cm(2) produced more significant results regarding cytokine modulation and was associated with higher MVD at day 5. Collectively, these findings indicate that cytokine modulation and increased angiogenesis are among the basic mechanisms whereby PBM improves oral wound repair.

Semaphorins and neuropilins expression in salivary gland tumors.

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland tumors (SGT) account for 3-10% of all head and neck neoplasms, and little is known about their angiogenic properties. Despite semaphorins and neuropilins have been demonstrated to be prognostic determinants in many human cancers, they remain to be investigated in SGT. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the clinical significance of the expression of class 3 semaphorins A (Sema3A) and B (Sema3B) and neuropilins-1 (Np-1) and neuropilins-2 (Np-2), in SGT. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-eight SGT were organized in tissue microarray paraffin blocks and expression of CD34, Sema3A, Sema3B, Np-1, and Np-2 was determined through immunohistochemistry. The immunoreactions were quantified using digital algorithms and the results correlated with clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS: Malignant tumors had an increased vascular density than their benign counterparts and their increased vascular area significantly correlated with recurrences (P < 0.05). Patients older than 40 years and the presence of recurrences determined an inferior survival rate (P = 0.0057 and P = 0.0303, respectively). In normal salivary glands, Np-1 and Np-2 expression was restricted to ductal cells, whereas Sema3A and Sema3B were positive in the serous acinar compartment. Tumors were positive for all markers and the co-expression of Np-1/Np-2 significantly correlated with the presence of paresthesia and advanced stages of the tumors (P = 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION: Sema3A, Sema3B, Np-1, and Np-2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of SGT, but their expression did not present a statistically significant prognostic potential in this study.

Clinicopathological analysis of salivary gland tumors over a 15-year period.

Salivary gland tumors (SGT) are rare neoplasms that generate interest due to their histopathological diversity and clinical behavior. The aims of the present study were to investigate clinicopathological aspects of SGTs diagnosed at a tertiary health center and compare the findings with epidemiological data from different geographic locations. Cases of tumor in the head and neck region at a single health center in the period between 1995 and 2010 were reviewed. Patient gender, age and ethnic group as well as anatomic location, histological type and clinical behavior of the tumor were recorded. Availability of complete information about these aspects was considered the inclusion criteria. Descriptive statistical analysis of the data was performed using the frequencies of categorical variables. Among the 2168 cases of tumors in the head and neck region, 243 (11.20%) cases were diagnosed in the salivary glands, 109 of which met the inclusion criteria: 85 (78%) benign tumors and 24 (22%) malignant tumors. Mean patient age was 46.47 years. The female gender accounted for 56 cases (51.4%) and the male gender accounted for 53 (48.3%). The major salivary glands were affected more (75.2%) than the minor glands. The most frequent benign and malignant SGTs were pleomorphic adenoma (81.2%) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (58.3%), respectively. In conclusion, pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma are the most frequent benign and malignant lesions, respectively. Comparing the present data with previous studies on SGTs, one may infer that some demographic characteristics and the predominance of malignant tumors vary in different geographic regions.

Clinicopathological analysis of salivary gland tumors over a 15-year period

Abstract Salivary gland tumors (SGT) are rare neoplasms that generate interest due to their histopathological diversity and clinical behavior. The aims of the present study were to investigate clinicopathological aspects of SGTs diagnosed at a tertiary health center and compare the findings with epidemiological data from different geographic locations. Cases of tumor in the head and neck region at a single health center in the period between 1995 and 2010 were reviewed. Patient gender, age and ethnic group as well as anatomic location, histological type and clinical behavior of the tumor were recorded. Availability of complete information about these aspects was considered the inclusion criteria. Descriptive statistical analysis of the data was performed using the frequencies of categorical variables. Among the 2168 cases of tumors in the head and neck region, 243 (11.20%) cases were diagnosed in the salivary glands, 109 of which met the inclusion criteria: 85 (78%) benign tumors and 24 (22%) malignant tumors. Mean patient age was 46.47 years. The female gender accounted for 56 cases (51.4%) and the male gender accounted for 53 (48.3%). The major salivary glands were affected more (75.2%) than the minor glands. The most frequent benign and malignant SGTs were pleomorphic adenoma (81.2%) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (58.3%), respectively. In conclusion, pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma are the most frequent benign and malignant lesions, respectively. Comparing the present data with previous studies on SGTs, one may infer that some demographic characteristics and the predominance of malignant tumors vary in different geographic regions.